美国《Landscape Architceture》评论:“生存的艺术”
2007年7月15日 出版:《Landscape Architceture》2007,April,P:135 作者:Marilyn Clemens 翻译:温涛 浏览:
《生存的艺术》有一个生动的题目,它也是一本具有吸引力的书籍,作者认为“景观设计”所扮演的应该是影响人类生存的重要角色。美国景观设计师协会国际会员、北京大学景观设计学研究院院长俞孔坚教授和美国景观设计师协会国际会员、香港大学建筑系副教授Mary Padua合编了这本体现俞孔坚和他的土人团队设计理念的著作。
国际景观设计师联盟前任主席Martha Cecilia Fajardo为该书撰写了激情澎湃的序言。本书收集了国际杂志上发表的有关土人经典设计作品的评论文章、俞孔坚过去的演讲和文章。虽然读者可能认为这是一本带有推广意义的书,但是俞孔坚的设计理念对中国的设计师、环境保护主义者以及对中国感兴趣的众多国外研究专家所起到的作用却是不容低估的。中国的无节制发展已经遭到了很多国内外专家的谴责,但是在这本书里,你所找到的不只是批判,而是另外一条建设之路的正实范例,一条建设与当地环境、文化和谐相容的建设之路。其中,与文字同样重要的表达设计分析过程的彩色插图和已完成项目的实景照片对本书起到了很好的“标注”作用。
俞孔坚认为,景观设计应重归土地监护者的角色,保护和维护自然系统,并向它们学习,运用轻灵的手法进行开发,建立或重建人与其居住和生活的地方之间的精神联系。生存取决于与当地环境相适应的土地管理技术,依赖于有地方建筑特色和当地植物物种的乡土景观。他对类似于Rem Koolhaas等外国建筑师为了满足某些中国甲方的非理性的渴望,而过度使用钢筋水泥创造的大量形式主义的、纪念性的建筑项目进行了无情的批判,同时将这一现象用作中国正在与其特有文化遗产分离的有力证据。俞孔坚坚信中国需要重新发现和认识历史上的反映人与土地真实关系的“桃花源”——一种具有代表性的理想景观。在那里,人们居住在一个平静、健康、和谐的环境中。他为真实 “桃花源”乡土景观逐渐在封建世大夫手中沦为装饰品和泛滥的中国古典式园林而悲恸,它们因为被阉割了真实的人地关系和生产功能而变得虚伪空洞。
俞孔坚引用了J.B.Jackson、史学家Spiro Kostof 以及其它一些在景观领域对他产生过影响的国际知名景观理论家。书中转载了“今日北京”的专栏作者Gareth George 和“亚洲时代周刊”专栏作者Susan Jakes有关当代中国快速城市化发展的文章,他们的文章都强调了俞孔坚和“土人设计”理念的重要性。俞孔坚独立或与他人合作完成了本书15篇文章中的10篇。与美国读者所熟悉的枯燥的、分析性表达方式有所不同,文章使用一些神话色彩来表述神、灵魂和大地母亲,令美国读者耳目一新。读者会发现文章运用了简单易懂的英文和少数由汉语形容词翻译过来的“非常英语”,不过请记住,图片和语言一样重要。
在所述项目中,除北京市郊的湿地公园外,其他皆在通常的旅游圈之外或不为西方人所熟知,它们展示了从广东省的马岗村到位于香港面对的广州中山市被遗弃的造船厂,再到东北的沈阳建筑大学校园,都表现了设计师对场地高超的解读和驾御能力,这些项目作为优秀的正面案例带给大家更多的启示。在以往对中国的六次访问中,笔者从未见过在项目中对植物有如此简约而大胆的配置和创造性的将水与景观如此巧妙融合的案例。相反,无论大多数中国主要城市中的新开放空间表现的多么完美,也只能让我感觉有种“模仿”的痕迹在里面。
本书通过所划分的“定位当代景观设计学”、“‘反规划’——景观引领发展”、 “回归景观设计学作为生存的艺术”和“白话的诗意”等章节,来表述土人独特的设计理念和土地管理方法。对笔者而言,“白话的诗意”这一方式完美地表达了书中的设计理念——它既是现代的,同时又是具有当地特色的,它以富有艺术气息的、细腻的手法来满足人类及环境的需要。
作者简介:Marilyn Clemens,美国景观设计师协会会员(ASLA), is an urban designer and writer living in Silver Spring, Maryland.
The Art of Survival is a dramatic title, but the prime author behind this attractive book believes the role of landscape architecture is no less than that, the key to human survival. Kongjian Yu, International ASLA, dean of the Graduate School of Landscape Architecture at Beijing University, and Mary Padua, International ASLA, assistant professor in the Architecture Department of Hong Kong University, have credited a publication devoted to the thought and designs of Yu and his landscape and urban design firm, Turenscape. Martha Cecilia Fajardo, president of the international federation of Landscape Architects, provides a glowing foreword to the book, and many of Yu’s previous speeches and articles are included, along with reprinted journal reviews of Turenscape’s work. While readers may well conclude the book is primarily promotional, the importance of Yu’s design ethic to china, and to designers, environmentalists, and scholars interested in china, should not be underestimated. Many writers inside as well as outside China have decried the country’s rampant development, but here is a leading practitioner providing not only criticism but real examples of other way of building. Apparently in harmony with local environments and cultural conditions. Equally as important as the text are color images illustrating the analysis process leading to the designs and photographs of built projects that comprise half the volume.
Yu believes that landscape architecture should recapture its role as steward of the land , protect and preserve natural systems and learn from them, develop with a light and deft hand, and keep people connected, perhaps reconnect them spiritually, to their places of livelihood and residence. Survival depends on land management techniques responsive to local environmental conditions and the vernacular landscape of significant indigenous architecture and plant species. Yu criticizes well-known architectural projects by foreign architects such as Rem Koolhaus for using an excessive amount of concrete and steel and for having exploited Chinese leaders’ lust for singular architectural statements-----a trend Yu cites as further evidence of China’s disconnect from its cultural heritage. Yu believes that China needs to rediscover its historic “Land of Peach Blossoms.” An iconic landscape where people live in harmony within a useful, balanced, and healthy environment, and he laments the fact that garden as ornament. Exemplified by the classical Chinese garden, has overwhelmed and replaced the sound practices of land stewardship with artifice.
Yu cites J.B.Jackson, architectural historian Spiro Kostof, and other well-known English-language writers on the landscape as having influenced his work. Reprinted articles by Gareth George of Beijing Today and Susan Jakes of Time Asia Magazine articulate the recent explosion of development in China and highlight the importance of Turenscape’s design approach. Of the 15 articles included. Yu wrote or coauthored 10. Some of these contain references to deities, spirits, and Mother Earth expressed in the language of fables that may draw a chuckle from American readers accustomed to dry, analytical delivery. Readers will find some of the articles written in basic but understandable English with a few clumsily translated phrases or Chinese hyperbolic expressions, but keep in mind, the images are as important as the idiom.
The projects described, apart from the wetland park outside Beijing, are not on the usual visitor’s circuit or in locations well-known to westerners, but they showcase a variety of design responses to different situations, from the village of Magang in Guangdong province to a derelict shipyard on the mainland across from Hong Kong to the grounds of a major university in Shenyang----these projects provided for analysis. This writer, in six visits to china, has never seen the combination of a simple and bold plant palette, modern use or reuse of architectural forms, and inventive means of interacting with water and the landscape shown in these projects. Rather, most new open spaces in china’s large cities and towns, no matter how well executed, recall familiar Chinese or European models.
The book is divided into sections titled “positioning Landscape Architecture in the New Era,” “The Negative Approach: Landscape Leading the Way,” “The Art of Survival: Landscape Architecture Recovered,” and “The poetic vernacular” which express the main points of Turenscape’s approach to land management and design. To this writer, the “poetic vernacular” best describes the Design expression evidenced here, being at once modern, imbued with local reference, artful, and sensitive to the needs of people and the environment.
Marilyn Clemens:ASLA, is an urban designer and writer living in Silver Spring, Maryland.

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